Barnabas :: essays research papers

Barnabas I. Who was Barnabas? II. Where is he first mentioned in the Bible? III. Barnabas' introduction of Saul to the apostles IV. His mission work with Paul V. His departure from Paul VI. Barnabas as a writer VII. His Death Barnabas was a native of the island of Cyprus. His birthplace makes him a Jew of the Diaspora, the dispersion of Jews outside Palestine or modern Israel. He was originally named Joseph but the apostles called him Barnabas, he probably acquired this name because of his ability as a preacher. The name Barnabas was understood by Luke to mean "Son of Encouragement" (Acts 4:36). Barnabas was an apostle of the secondary group, companion of Paul on his mission to Cyprus and the Pisidian mainland. Barnabas first appears in Luke's account of communal living in the Jerusalem church, as a man of some means who gave to the church the proceeds from the sale of a piece land, "Barnabas sold a field he owned and brought the money and put it at the apostles' feet" (Acts 4:36-37). After the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:54-8:1, the church was persecuted and scattered, "On that day a great persecution broke out against the church at Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison" Acts 8:1-3. In Acts 9:26-27, "Saul tries to join the disciples, but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he really was a disciple. But Barnabas took him and brought him to the apostles. He told them how Saul on his journey had seen the Lord and that the Lord had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he had preached fearlessly in the name of Jesus." Barnabas thus belongs to the company of first converts in Jerusalem who were won by the apostolic preaching, if not by Jesus himself. Though not a native, Barnabas had the confidence of the apostles. Later he was sent to join the company of workers at Antioch, to preach to Jews, Hellenists, and Greeks (Acts 11:19-22). As the work of the Antioch church expanded and more workers were needed, Barnabas went over to Tarsus and brought back with him Saul. It seems that Barnabas was the leader of the Antioch church, and the order which Luke gives, "Barnabas and Saul," indicates the pre-eminence. It was "Barnabas and Saul" who carried relief funds from Antioch to the famine- stricken Jerusalem (Acts 11:30).

Working More and Feeling Better – Journal Article Summary

Citation Schnittker, Jason. 2007. â€Å"Working More and Feeling Better: Women’s Health, Employment, and Family Life, 1974-2004. American Sociological Review 72(2):221-238. This study investigates the relationship between women’s employment and health unlike other studies, which have used mental health as the outcome. The research questions addressed in this study were: Has the health of women improved or declined? Has the gender gap in health altered and, if so, why?Does integrating long work hours with caring for a child diminish the relationship between employment and health and, if so, have current work-family patterns restrained any gains in health? Schnittker included changes in composition (e. g. , are more women suffering since more women are combining their jobs with raising a child) and changes in association (e. g. , do the marked improvements in health related to employment lesson with the birth of a child). The changes in composition and changes in associa tion were examined with cumulative trends in health.The independent variables in this study were women’s work hours, education and family income. The dependent variable was self-rated health. Reported work hours were separated into four categories and the reference category was â€Å"not working† for this study. Several control variables were, as well, that are related to understanding trends. Education was divided into four categories with â€Å"less than high school† as the reference category. Family income used a constant of $1, 986 dollars.Schnittker analyzed whether or not children were in the home instead of focusing how many children because of the various work-family adjustments and different levels of responsibility that come with children’s different ages. For this study, separate dummy variables were used having a child under the age of 6 and having a child between 6 and 17 years old with having no children under the age of 18 years old present ly in the home. The study used data from the cumulative General Social Survey (GSS) taken between 1974-2004. The GSS is represented nationally and uses an area-probability sample.The survey asked responders to self-rate their health as poor, fair, food, or excellent. Self-rated health predicts gender differences, is an indicator of morbidity and predictor of mortality. Findings from the GSS were checked using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) taken between 1997-2004. The NHIS also provided data concerning the current health trends. Data from the NHIS was produced by personal in-home interviews. The trends in the gender health gap in this study used controls for year, gender, interactions between gender and year, and age and age-squared.Age and age-squared were used to account for the aging population, which is vital for this study since there are sex differences in life expectancy. Findings suggest that the gender gap closed significantly during the 30-year period. Womenâ €™s self-health has significantly improved and men’s self-rated health slightly increased until 1990. Men’s self-rated health has been on a steady decline ever since then. These results suggest a relation between the trends in women’s improving self-rated health and the gender gap closing.Once Schnittker used controls for education in his analysis it showed that the improvements in women’s health can be attributable to education. When education was replaced with employment status and family income it showed that some of the improvements in women’s health can be attributed to the rise in women’s employment, but not near as much as education. The relationship between work-family patterns and health were examined when Schnittker introduced whether the responder had a child. His findings also show that work hours and having a young child are very related.He found that having a child under 6 causes a decline in employments positive impacts on health. Controls for income slightly reduced the negative relationship. Findings concerning the relationship between work hours and having a child in the home show that fathers report improved self-rated health when working full-time and mothers’ self-rated health drastically decreased. More notably, the findings show that both men and women report worse self-rated health when the combine work with raising children.Out of all independent variables, the one that impacted the diminishing of the gender gap was employment. Education, work hours, and having a child all affected the closing of the gender gap, but not as significantly as employment. Schnittker’s findings also suggest that self-rated health for women would improve even more if their average work hours were the very same as men’s average work hours. Another notable finding comes out of the inclusion of family income. His findings suggest that if the wages of women were the same as the wagers of men thei r self-rated health would improve significantly.He also found that the emergence of the time bind has suppressed women’s self-rated health, especially in recent years. (Schnittker 2007; 233). He also found that the time bind only slightly suppressed women’s self-rated health and that in the long term, more women working and achieving higher levels of education have had much more of an impact on their self-rated health. Schnittker’s results show that education and employment are largely impacting the gender gap. Schnittker’s study shows that women’s health on average was reported to be worse than men’s.The factors which he attributes the difference self-rated health are the trends related to women’s increased presence in the work force and the increase in the number of women a higher levels on education. Schnittker’s study is remarkable. His findings are strong reasons for change to take place with the employment terms of women today. Self-rated health is questionable since it is â€Å"self-rated†. Also, the term â€Å"health† in the study could be physical health or mental health. Schnittker attributes the His work proves that more research is needed in this area of study.

Preventing AIDS

AIDS Essay Today many people around the world are infected with a serious disease called AIDS. Unfortunately, the disease has led to many deaths worldwide and yet it still remains untreatable. Many Public Health Departments are now taking the lead in publicizing education about AIDS. Public awareness and prevention programs are possible solutions to the spread of AIDS. The issue of this paper is on AIDS Prevention Programs that target women. One outlook is that prevention programs that target women will reduce the number of infections around the world.People opposed to this believe that prevention programs should aim more towards males. The disease is obviously an important social issue which impacts people worldwide. Certain associations and studies believe that women are more at danger then men for contracting HIV/AIDS. They believe prevention programs should be focused merely on women. AIDS cases for women are increasing each year and women are one of the fastest growing populatio ns being infected. At the end of 2002, UNAIDS, a Joint United Nations Progamme on HIV/AIDS, reported that 38. 6 million adults are infected with HIV or AIDS worldwide.Roughly 50% or 19. 2 million are women. Globally speaking, most women infected with HIV or AIDS are from developing countries. The fastest spread of AIDS among women is in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1999, for the first time more women than men were infected with HIV. Out of 22. 3 million people infected in sub Saharan Africa 12. 2 million, or 55%, are female. Of the 1. 1 million youth infected in south Asia, 62% are female. According to research by the CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the amount of AIDS cases in women have more than tripled in the United States.Since 1985, 7% of women were affected to 25% in 1999. With the number of AIDS cases in women increasing, organizations are relying on prevention programs aimed towards women to be the effective solution to prevent the spread of the virus amongst men a nd women. In contrary to the opposing viewpoint, reports by UNAIDS felt that men should be the main focus in the prevention programs. In 2000, UNAIDS commenced a World AIDS Campaign which pushed for men to become more involved in preventing the spread of the AIDS outbreak. â€Å"We must stop seeing men as ome kind of problem and begin seeing them as part of the solution,† according to Dr Peter Piot, the head director of UNAIDS. â€Å"Working with men to change their behavior and attitudes has tremendous potential to slow down the epidemic. It will also improve the lives of men themselves, not to mention those of their families. † There are several reasons why men should remain the main target to the prevention of the epidemic. The focus is mainly on changing sexual behaviors amongst men. Men grow up with certain beliefs and attitudes on how they should behave when dealing with intercourse. Dr.Elvira Belingon, Department of Health STD/AIDS Coordinator in Cordillera expl ained that worldwide studies prove that men are at a greater risk of spreading the disease because they are likely to have more unprotected intercourse and sexual partners than women do. â€Å"Too often, it is seen as ‘unmanly' to worry about avoiding drug-related risks, or to bother with condoms,† said Dr Piot. UNAIDS feel these cultural beliefs and expectations allow men to become vulunerable to AIDS which endangers their own health or the health of their partners and family. This vulnerability has already affected gay and bisexual men in the United States.Sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis have rose for the second year in a row. The government feels that gays and bisexuals are more susceptible to these sexually transmitted diseases and with the help of these prevention programs they can decrease that number. In order to help control the AIDS epidemic, organization’s feel prevention programs should focus more on men’s behavior. I believe that prevention programs should be aimed towards women because of the steady increase of infections year to year. Women are more susceptible to HIV infection for several reasons.Biologically, females are estimated to be eight times more likely of receiving and HIV transmission from a male compared to female-to-male transmission. In 1997, the CDC reported that 38% of women received HIV through heterosexual intercourse opposed to 7% of men. Women are more at risk because the surface area in a female’s genital tract is greater exposed than in males. During intercourse larger amounts of semen fluids are released than in vaginal fluids. This puts women at risk because semen contains a higher amount of HIV. Also, women often have sexually transmitted infections that are left untreated, which increases exposure to HIV.Women who have STDs, sexually transmitted diseases, especially those that cause ulcerations make it easier for HIV to enter the body. Genital sores and immune reactions re lated with STDs face a greater risk of HIV infection. Treatment of STDs can be an efficient HIV prevention tactic if prevention programs educate women on this exposure. Other biological factors deal with young women among the ages of 13 to 19. Girls in Charge coordinator, Judah-Abijah Dorrington, explained that 49% of all the AIDS cases reported in the United States since 1997 were among these young women.This age group is infected because they have not fully completed their biological development. Many of the women obtained HIV in their teens because of â€Å"having an underdeveloped cervix and low vaginal mucus production. † In the report by AIDS Weekly, young women are found to have three to five times higher HIV infections than among boys. â€Å"Young women really are being viewed as the population with the largest number of new infections,† said Dr. Cynthia Gomez, professor for the AIDS Prevention Center at the University of California at San Francisco. They don't realize they're at risk, partly because we've only emphasized certain groups, rather than behaviors. † Women are vulnerable to infection for their lack of power within sexual relationships and sexual violence. Women’s lack of power makes it difficult for them to negotiate safer sex with partners. Women tend not to discuss condom use within relationships in fear of rejection or loss of economic support. When women are in committed relationships, they mainly focus on the intimacy in their relationship. They assume they are in a monogamous relationship with their partner.Unsafe sex becomes more important than protection against HIV. This dependence of men increases the risk of AIDS for women. A report from Secretary General of the United Nation, Kofi Annan concluded, â€Å"The gender dynamics of the epidemic are far-reaching due to women's weaker ability to negotiate safe sex, and their generally lower social and economic status. † Studies in Africa have uncovered that many married women have been infected by their husband. The powerlessness of women to reject sex with their husband has been a major cause of transmission to women.Women's dependence on men makes women less able to protect themselves against AIDS. Typically, men make most decisions about when, where, and how to have sex. In developing countries, women usually maintain little control over their bodies and hold little decision-making power. Violence against women increases their helplessness to HIV and decreases their ability to defend themselves against infection. According to a study, â€Å"physical and sexual abuse were ‘disturbingly common’ throughout life among women at high risk for HIV infection†¦women who have been abused are more likely to use crack cocaine and have multiple sex partners. This puts women are at greater risk for rape or sexual force. Also, some women are forced to enter into sex work or short-term partnerships to exchange sex for econom ic gain or survival including food, refuge, and security. In many cases, women are in danger merely because they are reliant on their husbands for survival and support. This hinders and restricts their decision making and negotiating control. Sex workers are at a high risk for infection, mainly when they do not have the ability to negotiate with customers who refuse to wear a condom.In order to prevent the spread of AIDS I feel public health agencies need to raise public awareness by promoting prevention programs for women. If women are educated on the biological and social factors of AIDS, women may have more of a chance to change their behaviors before the possibility of becoming infected with HIV. Programs that specifically target women will have a positive impact on women in the long-run. As new AIDS cases are increasing quickly through heterosexual contact focus on the prevention programs will take on even greater importance.People that agree with the statement that AIDS preven tion programs should target women believe that women are vulnerable to HIV infection biologically and socially. To decrease infections of the AIDS virus women change their standard of living especially for women in developing countries through these prevention programs. Those that disagree focus HIV prevention efforts on heterosexual male sexual behavior. By changing male cultural and socialization patterns interventions can be effective. A widespread HIV prevention policy uses many essentials to protect as many people at risk for HIV as possible.

Reform in the Spirit of Conser essays

Reform in the Spirit of Conser essays Reform in the Spirit of Conservation The creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and Civil Works Administration revolutionized the U.S. federal government by redefining its roles in the lives of its citizens. Prior to the Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelts resulting New Deal, the federal government had taken no responsibility in the employment or welfare of U.S. citizens. People were employed by privately owned businesses and the poor, if they received any help at all, were aided by private charities. Though the federal government had never been held accountable for providing for its citizens in such areas, the devastating effects of the Great Depression and millions experiencing financial ruin made it clear that roles were in need of reassignment. The crash of the U.S. economy necessitated a change in the old system, since unemployment rose dramatically and poverty left many families starving and in the streets. Private businesses and charities alike ran out of money and ceased to operate, leaving young bread-winning men suddenly jobless, and launching the American public into a state of potentially volatile desperation. No one knew what to expect; it was obvious that something had to happen so that Americans could afford to feed and clothe their children, but the prospects looked bleak. Socialist and Communist philosophies gained more popularity than they ever had before, and many feared or expected a coup. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in an attempt to salvage Americas capitalist democracy, promised to better the situation of U.S. citizens, and called his promise the New Deal. Although it was little more than a vague promise of experimentation, the American people greeted it with enthusiasm, as any effort towards change was welcome. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a federally funded program instituted under the New Deal, created jobs for unemployed men. Approximately 2.5 million ...

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essays

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essays Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essay Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essay Recognition I acknowledge my God for proviso of good wellness. sound head and in stamp lovingness. I besides express the same to my lector Mr. Malel for his diligent and hardworking work he did to me in the procedure of composing up the undertaking. I besides acknowledge the parts of my co-workers and my household for the forbearance and encouragement that they have given me since I begun the undertaking. I besides acknowledge the free entree to the Kenya National Library Service in Kericho. Dedication I dedicate this study to my Almighty Father for His countless Mercies and Eternal Providence. I besides dedicate it to my household. my parents and my kids. Abstract The survey investigated the statistical relationship between the debut of FPE and the registration of childs in ECD centres. The paper begins by measuring the alterations in registration prior and after the debut of FPE in 2002. It so delves into the inquiry of why this happens. The covered Mogogosiek Zone although the findings is relevant for the whole state. The research worker sampled six schools as the sample to stand for 20 schools in the zone. The random sample technique was used since all schools are homogenous. The research worker used questionnaires and observation to roll up informations in the field. The undertaking is utile for the stakeholders in the ECD sector runing from school caputs to authorities decision makers involved with ECD work. Table of Contents DECLARATION BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER ONE1 Introduction1 1. 1Background of the Problem1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the Study4 1. 4 Purpose of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the Project6 1. 6 Significance of the Study7 1. : 7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 Literature Review10 2. 1 The effects of the debut of FPE on enrollment10 2. 2 Factors that have led to low registration as a consequence of debut of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 Impact of FPE on registration in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 Methodology18 3. 1 Research Design18 3. 2 Location of the Study19 3. 3 Target Population20 3. 4 Sample Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 Research Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 Data Representation24 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Consequence Of Introduction of Fpe in the 10 Sampled Institutions24. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Consequence Of Introduction Of FPE26 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools28 5. 2 The Effectss of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools28 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effectss of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 APPENDIX A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30. APPENDIX B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 Work Schedule36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = Early Childhood Development ECDE = Early Childhood Development and Education. MDG = Millennium Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = Free Primary Education. GER=Gross Enrolment Rate is calculated by spliting the figure of kids of whatever age enrolled in preschool by the estimated figure of 3-5 twelvemonth olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organisation. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. MOEST=Ministry of Education. Science and Technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the research subject. It begins with an debut followed by a statement of the job and eventually the intent of the survey. 1. 1Background of the Problem As portion of his run pronunciamento. President Kibaki introduced the Free Primary Education plan in Primary schools. The plan was meant to take to high registration of students in both primary school and ECD centres in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD registration would lift as a consequence of the debut of FPE. However. statistics show the reverse. The rate of registration in ECD centres has reduced following the debut of FPE. This shows a negative correlativity between registration and FPE. This undertaking sought to set up the fact that so registration in FPE has declined since the debut of FPE in schools. Paper besides sought to give grounds why the rate of registration in ECD bears a negative correlativity with the FPE support. This has been a surprise happening given that the purpose of the authorities is to develop instruction in Kenya holistically. The undertaking besides assessed the likely statistical relationship between registration in primary and ECD It showed that. the higher the enrolment rate in primary school the lower the registration in ECD. This undertaking sought to give grounds for that relationship and supply for suggestions on how the job can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The job was to analyze the effects that FPE has had on registration in ECDCs. The undertaking besides studied the causes of the negative relationship between FPE support and low registration in ECDCs. The job is that due to the debut of FPE. students have been fall ining category one without traveling through the ECD categories. This is a worrying tendency as it suggests a low degree of readiness of the students in lower primary school. It besides points to the demand to see ECD in public support 1. 3Objectives of the Study The undertaking studied the undermentioned aims: [ a ] To set up the consequence of the debut of FPE on registration in ECDS attached to public primary schools. [ B ] To set up the effects of the debut of FPE on registration of students in ECDS attached to private primary schools. [ hundred ] To find the extent to which registration in ECDCs have declined in Mogogosiek zone as a consequence of the debut of FPE. [ vitamin D ] To find the effects of debut of FPEs on registration in ECDS per economic category. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The intent of the survey was to find the effects of the debut of Free Primary Education on registration in ECDs in primary schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Undertaking This undertaking is justified on the undermentioned evidences. First. small effort has been made to find the relationship between the debut of FPE nationally and registration of students in ECDs locally. There is besides need to find the causes of the diminution in registration in ECDs as a consequence of debut of FPE. The diminution has largely affected the hapless who consist of the most vulnerable group. That the debut of FPE has negatively affected the hapless in footings of taking their kids to the ECD has great deductions to contending poorness in the state. It shows that the kids of the hapless have hapless foundation and will most likely perform ill subsequently in life thereby widening the poorness spread wider still 1. 6 Significance of the Study This survey is of import because of a figure of grounds. First. the authorities must cognize the impacts of its support primary schools or other establishments. The FPE is an incorporate development plan and it should take to a holistic development of the instruction sector in general and non a lopsided development of the state. Second. the authorities will acquire information on the degree of foundational instruction in rural countries and design effectual policies that will help the province in guaranting high criterions of instruction in ECD and guarantee effectual passage from ECD to primary school. Third. there is an on-going force per unit area on the authorities to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to guarantee that this end is attained. Last. educational practicians peculiarly ECD instructors and decision makers will be reminded of the demand to guarantee a high degree of registration in ECDs and effectual passage to primary schools 1. 7 Restrictions During the survey. the research workers were limited by the undermentioned factors. First and first. rural ECD directors were non willing to speak about the low registration in ECD centres. They feared that let go ofing the information would take to negative promotion. Second. most occupants were non really unfastened to give information on where their kids were larning to foreigners. Third. the county is really big and expansive. It was non really easy for the research workers to go from one location to another due to hapless and rugged terrain. Fourth. most occupants have merely recovered from the station electoral force that affected most of the Republic. They are really leery of new comers and more so even occupants inquiring inquiries. They easy take such gestures as police probes. Fifth. though non least. the research worker was affected by deficiency of adequate financess to transport out an in deepness analysis covering the full zone. Even if financess were availed. there was still the demand for more clip to transport out the work. The research workers were affected by deficiency of sufficient clip since they are full clip instructors who need clip to run their establishments apart from carry oning research work. The undertaking was besides be affected by low literacy rate since most parents are non literate plenty to construe and react to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the research workers come from the survey location and are extremely familiar with the country. Second. the research workers being ECD and Primary instructors. have long and extended experience and contact with ECD and primary school kids. They are besides conversant the running of ECD centres in the state. Third. the research workers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the clip needed to travel from one establishment to another and efficaciously cut down the clip needed to speak with an interviewee. Chapter TWO Literature Review 2. 1 The effects of the debut of FPE on registration Many surveies have been conducted to determine the existent consequence of FPE on ECD registration. Most of the surveies have been conducted by International development Agencies such as USAID and DANIDA. The most comprehensive overview. nevertheless. are the surveies conducted by UNESCO and approved by the Ministry of Education. Science and Technology. A UNESCO Policy Review Report. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project. 2005. afterlife to be referred merely to as the UNESCO study 2005. studies that. ‘A 1969 study counted about 200. 000 kids enrolled in 4800 ECD centres with about 5. 000 instructors. The figure of ECD Centers and instructors have been turning steadily and. after a stalled addition of merely 15 % between 1993 and 2000. the registration ratio leaped by 50 % over the following three old ages. The current ( 2001/02 ) GER in preschool is officially 35 % . although the Government’s ain statistics appear to demo a GER of 48 % in 1998. falling to 41 % in 2002. † Such a study shows a diminution in GER in ECD. The twelvemonth in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. Therefore. alterations happening between 2001 and 2002 genuinely indicate effects of FPE on registration. A UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on Early Childhood Development in Kenya. Jan. to Feb. 2006. by Yoshie Kaga. claims that the overall consequence of FPE has been the decrease of registration in ECD. Here is an extract from the study. â€Å"Studies have been conducted to measure the effects of FPE on ECD centres. Some study on negative effects. while others note no major draw dorsums. While the overall impact of the policy is yet to be determined. the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Mission. which took topographic point in September 2004. observed that the policy did hold a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline two major options that may extenuate possible negative impact. † EFA Global Monitoring study. 2005. UNESCO Publishing studies that the gross registration rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44. 4 % in 2001. However. the theory that registration rates declined as a consequence of the debut of FPEs is non automatically to be accepted. Some studies indicate that the GER increased as a consequence of the debut of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report. 2005. studies in point figure 3. 4. 1. â€Å"The Background Report of Kenya shows that. while registration increased well from 1. 076. 606 to 1. 281. 846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer expression at the figures. nevertheless. suggests two instead upseting tendencies. First. GER’s in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48 % to 41 % . and the major overall diminution took topographic point between 1998 and 1999 before the FPE option arose. In fact. a little addition occurred from 2002 to 2003. after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second. while he 1998 GER was about the same for male childs and misss. a spread of approximately 4 % in favour of male childs opened up in 2001 and grew to 6 % in 2002. â€Å" The figures in the above study are non the same as other paperss. Harmonizing to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project: Concluding study to MOEST statistics. the 2002 figure is 1. 416. 048 and non 1. 281. 846. These dissenting positions and conflicting figures show that the opposite relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be verified by qualified actuarial reappraisal. The extent of the relationship may necessitate other factors to explicate other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low registration as a consequence of debut of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried to give grounds for the diminution in ECD registration as a consequence of the debut of FPE. However. these are non in the signifier of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood is one such papers. It explains the phenomenon in the undermentioned footings. â€Å"The chief ground for this phenomenon is that since the execution of FPE. hapless parents are taking to retreat their kids from ECD centres and/or maintain them at place until they reach the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the evidences that ECD. prevarication primary instruction. should be free. † However. this averment needs to be corroborated by more extended scientific surveies on the causes of the opposite relationship. Economic theories may assist to depict the state of affairs better. Harmonizing to Ricardian analysis. low cost points such as table salt are already sold cheaply and are hence associated with hapless subdivisions of the population. If the monetary value of salt. for illustration is reduced farther. it becomes excessively inexpensive and the purchasers may switch for more dearly-won trade name of salt. This theory seems to keep true for the ECDs in rural countries of Kenya. They are considered really inexpensive. Due to authorities subsidy. the parents may really experience that the quality of primary instruction in public primary schools will worsen. They see kids who have been idle at place. such as street kids being brought to school. This makes them to detest public school instruction and alternatively choose for the dearly-won private schools. As a basic scheme. they decide to inscribe their kids in private ECDs with the concluding that by the clip the kid enters primary school. he or she will hold laid a strong foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in subdivision 3. 3. 5. Reports that. â€Å"Meanwhile. an appraisal survey of FPE on ECD carried out jointly by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had about collapsed because children’s registration had decreased after the debut of FPE. The survey found that parents opted to direct their kids straight to standard one. which became free. without holding them go through ECD. which was still fees paying. Furthermore. Standard one instructor reported that kids who skipped ECD had trouble get bying with lessons in primary school and ill performed. † Section 3. 3. 4 studies that. â€Å"The Review Team found widespread anecdotal grounds of beads in registration at ECD Centres. particularly in hapless states such as North Eastern†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ many parents have by passed ECD wholly ; many others send their kids merely to pre-unit category of ECD to fix them for primary school. In some countries. parents are maintaining their kids at place until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free instruction. † Yet other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Naming it the unintended effect on ECD. the study went on to describe that. â€Å"ECD schoolrooms put up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in order to suit the rush of registration in primary schools sparked by FPE. In some instances. ECD kids and instructors must set up with decreased infinite ; in others. they have been moved to the worst schoolrooms in the premises. At the territory degree. review and supervising of ECD centres some of which is carried out by the territory based Zonal Inspector of schools. have reportedly become less frequent. † The UNESCO/OECD study presents a review of the state of affairs therefore: ‘Despite these observations. the impact of FPE on ECD is still capable to challenge. For illustration. it is ill-defined whether FPE has been the chief cause of falling ECD registrations. given the grounds that the diminution may good hold begun good before the debut of the policy. Besides. it is yet to be determined how many of the unprepared students freshly fluxing into standard one would hold gone to ECD Centres if FPE had non been in topographic point. The inflow could merely be explained by a lifting registration of at hazard kids who would non hold been able to afford primary instruction when it was fee paying. allow alone ECD Centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on registration in ECDs There is an indicant that poorness may be a great factor finding forms of registration in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005. studies in subdivision 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD. Otherwise. such relationship could be between FPE and other factors that mitigate taking to low registration. The paper points at poorness as one of the factors that lead to low registration as a consequence of the debut of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same study shows that. â€Å"There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi. for case. far more kids are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other states with similar poorness degrees. Meanwhile. North Eastern Province has the highest poorness degree and the lowest registration rates. There are besides gender disparities. In Nairobi. misss are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern state. the contrary is observed. ‘The study claims that the hapless are by and large non able to entree ECD services. â€Å"Even within Nairobi. center and upper category kids benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall. those missing entree to preschool services be given to be kids from disadvantages communities such as semi arid and waterless countries and urban slums. This observation is reinforced by the findings of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. ( UNICEF/Government Survey. 2000 ) demoing that 29. 5 % of kids whose female parents had secondary instruction were enrolled in some signifier of ECD compared to 10. 7 % of those whose female parents had merely completed primary school and 12. 4 % of 2002 of those whose female parents had no schooling. There is besides a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poorness index ( 1997 ) at the territory degree. with eight of the 10 correlativities being negative and statistically important though non really big. ’ The tabular array below was meant to encapsulate the correlativity between poorness index and Ger at territory degree. If these studies are anything to travel by. the research worker expects to happen the diminution in ECD registration to impact chiefly the public ECD Centres as opposed to the private ECD units. | 1998| 1999| 2000| 2001| 2002| Boys| -0. 355| -0. 252| +0. 145| -0. 096| -0. 271| Girls| +0. 007| -0. 287| -0. 272| -0. 048| -0. 290| Correlations between poorness index ( 1997 ) and GERs at District Level Ref: Kenya Human development study ( 2001 ) . UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project ( 2005 ) . MOEST. Govt of Kenya. Statistically important P is less than 0. 05. The research worker will therefore analyze the impacts of socio economic position on registration in ECD Centres. Chapter THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The research worker adopted the diagnostic research design. Harmonizing to Kothari. diagnostic research surveies are necessary to set up causality and causal links of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be inevitable as the research worker was needed to set up causality among variables: school registration and registration. 3. 2 Location of the Study. The survey was carried out in Konoin District. Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Population The survey targeted ECD kids. ECD instructors and primary school Head Teachers in Early Childhood Development Centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The survey sampled 10 schools from a sum of 20 two in Mogogosiek Zone. Konoin District. Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The research worker used simple graded sampling. The listed schools were classified as embarkation and twenty-four hours schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from twenty-four hours public schools class. The proportion was used since there are merely 1 out of 5 embarkation schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The research worker used questionnaires and survey agendas as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and tested on a school that is non portion of the samples. The trial will enable the research workers to find the efficaciousness of the questionnaire. The research worker so wrote to the caputs of the sampled schools seeking permission to carry on research in their establishments. The research worker sampled three schools stand foring all types of primary schools in the survey venue. Chapter FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Consequence Of Introduction of Fpe in the 10 Sampled Institutions The research worker studied the information from 10 schools associating to the rate of registration merely earlier and after the debut of FPE. The consequences were as under: SCHOOL| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2000| ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003| 1| 51| 50| 53| 43| 2| 48| 47| 53| 44| 3| 67| 69| 71| 58| A| 41| 43| 44| 61| B| 47| 52| 51| 58| The graph below depicts these informations. The consequences show that there was a general tendency for the registration in ECD in public primary schools to worsen in the twelvemonth following the debut of FPE in 2002. There was addition of the figure of students inscribing in ECDs manned by private schools following the debut of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Consequence Of Introduction Of FPE The research worker sought to set up the causes of declined registration in public ECDs following the debut of FPE in 2002. The undermentioned responses were established. REASON GIVEN| % OF RESPONDENTS| | Fear of low quality due to high registration in class| 44 % | | Fear of hapless foundation in public ECDs| 23 % | | Need to give kids good ECD foundation before fall ining private ECDs| 76 % | | Decline in the position of public ECDs| 39 % | | Demand for free instruction in category one | 17 % | | These informations show that most parents preferable private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the grounds above: fright that the free primary instruction would take to high enrolment hence low quality of instruction ; the fright that the public school ECDs were non fixing students adequately for primary school instruction ; need to kids good ECD foundation and the diminution of the position of public school ECD. This was aggravated by the debut of street male childs inscribing in public primary schools. 17 % wished to acquire free instruction in category one hence skips the ECD category in order to accomplish this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The research worker sought to set up the effects that the debut of FPE has led to decreased registration in ECD by economic category. She studied the composing of 10 students in each sampled school to find their economic category. It is found that most of the high category parents of class send their kids to schools A to D. However. the undermentioned statistics relate to the composing of the students in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as either hapless [ gaining less than 3000 per month ] or mean [ gaining between 3001 and 6000 ] per month. The statistics below show the consequence that the debut of FPE affected the composing of students inscribing in public school ECDs. SCHOOL| POOR| AVERAGE| LOWER MIDDLE| 1| 88 % | 8 % | 4 % | 2| 78 % | 9 % | 13 % | 3| 91 % | 5 % | 4 % | CHAPTER FIVE. Decisions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The survey established that there is a negative relationship between the debut of FPE and the registration in ECD Centres in ECDs attached to public primary schools. The debut of FPE led to cut down registration in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effectss of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The survey established that the debut of FPE in 2002 led to increased registration in ECDS in private primary school 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The survey established that the debut of FPEs led to low registration in ECDS in public primary schools due to the undermentioned grounds: First. most parents feared that the admittance of many students in primary schools will take to low quality of instruction. They hence sought to inscribe their kids in private establishments to get away from the low quality instruction to be experienced in public primary schools. Second. the parents associated the debut of FPE in public primary schools to low prestigiousness. The hapless category could now take their kids to school. This was non possible earlier. Those in the mean category sought to take their kids to better schools in order to keep their position in front of the hapless category. Third. the debut of free instruction in primary school led to the hapless category parents taking their kids direct to category one in order to get away the fees paid in ECD and straight profit from the FPE plan 5. 4 Effectss of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class. The debut of FPE led to worsen in the figure of the kids of the economically hapless members of the community as compared to the in-between category and the rich who continued to take their kids to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is portion of a research undertaking carried out by the research worker in partial fulfillment for award of the Diploma in ECD. The information obtained will be used for academic intents merely and will non be divulged to 3rd parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of Years You have worked in the station: ____________________ Current place held: _______________ 2. Kindly give the students registration in your category by make fulling the signifier below: YEAR| BOYS| GIRLS| TOTAL| STREAMS| 2002| | | | | 2003| | | | | 2004| | | | | 2005| | | | | 2006| | | | | 2007| | | | | 2008| | | | | 2009| | | | | 2010| | | | | 2011| | | | | 3. Who pays for your rewards? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee collected if parents fail to pay? Sending pupils Teachers sing parents 6. How are you paid your rewards? Monthly Quarterly 7. Are parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid plenty for your rewards? Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees common? Yes No 10. If yes. what ground do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head instructors supportive in covering with defaulters? Yes No 12. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - What is your suggestion to the authorities in relation to free primary instruction and the manner it affects preschool parents? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age scope of the students in your current category. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 14. Briefly give the scope of students in 2003 category. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 15. In your sentiment. has the entry age changed since debut of FPE? Yes No 16. Make your pre school categories have a commission? Yes No 17. How frequently are parents meetings held? Once a term. Once a twelvemonth. 18. Make you maintain fiscal records of fees collected? Yes No 19. If yes. how many students failed to finish fees in the old twelvemonth? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you really much for reacting to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bless you. APPENDIX B. Bibliography 1. Economicss Simplified. 2009. Saleemi Publications. Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report ( 2004 ) . New York: UNDP. S 3. MOEST. Government of Kenya. 2005. Background study of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project. Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et Al ( 2004 ) . Quantitative Study of the Kenya Early Childhood Development Project. concluding study to the MOEST. June 2004. Nakuru: Sermon educational Advisers. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project. Policy Review Report: Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya. by UNESCO. Paris. February. 2005. 6. Yoshie Kaga. 2006. UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood. Impacts of Free Primary Education o Early Childhood development in Kenya. Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH | YEAR| ACTIVITY TO BE DONE| December | 2010| Preparation for the research proposal and budgeting| January-March| 2011| Writing of the proposal| April| 2011| Approval for the proposal| May| 2011| Compiling and rewriting of the research proposal| June-July| 2011| Collection of the data| August| 2011| Analyzing of the data| September-December| 2011| Compiling and showing the concluding undertaking. | APPENDIX D Budget. ACTIVITY| PLACE/ITEM/USE| AMOUNT KSH| Travelling | For Literature reappraisal during informations aggregation while typing and roll uping the undertaking. | 5001. 5002. 000| Stationery| Papers. pens. swayer. books. foolscaps. stapling machine. paper bunches | 2. 000| Typing/photocopying | Research proposal and concluding undertaking. | 3. 500| Food| Lunch. tea interruption. snacks| 1. 500| Assorted Expenses| Emergencies| 2. 500| TOTAL| | 13. 500| APPENDIX D Introduction missive CHEBET JOYCE. KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL. P. O BOX 174. LITEIN. 25TH JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam. Referee: Permission TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE. I wish to seek for permission to carry on a research in your pre-school Centre on THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at Valley Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is necessitating a research as portion of scrutiny from me. I am hence required to roll up informations from your E. C. D. E instructors. parents. and head instructors of the selected school. I look frontward for your positive respond. Thankss in progress Yours Faithfully Chebet Joyce.

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars The Battle of Marathon was fought during the Persian Wars (498 BC–448 BC) between Greece and the Persian Empire. Date Using a proleptic Julian calendar, it is believed that the Battle of Marathon was fought on either August or September 12, 490 BC. Armies Commanders Greeks MilitiadesCallimachusArimnestusapprox. 8,000-10,000 men Persians DatisArtaphernes20,000-60,000 men Background In the wake of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC-494 BC), the emperor of the Persian Empire, Darius I, dispatched an army to Greece to punish those city-states that had aided the rebels. Led by Mardonius, this force succeeded in subjugating Thrace and Macedonia in 492 BC. Moving south towards Greece, Mardonius fleet was wrecked off Cape Athos during a massive storm. Losing 300 ships and 20,000 men in the disaster, Mardonius elected to withdraw back towards Asia. Displeased with Mardonius failure, Darius began planning a second expedition for 490 BC after learning of political instability in Athens. Conceived as a purely maritime enterprise, Darius assigned command of the expedition to the Median admiral Datis and the son of the satrap of Sardis, Artaphernes. Sailing with orders to attack Eretria and Athens, the fleet succeeded in sacking and burning their first objective. Moving south, the Persians landed near Marathon, approximately 25 miles north of Athens. Responding to the impending crisis, Athens raised around 9,000 hoplites and dispatched them to Marathon where they blocked the exits from the nearby plain and prevented the enemy from moving inland. They were joined by 1,000 Plataeans and assistance was requested from Sparta. Encamping on the edge of the Plain of Marathon, the Greeks faced a Persian force numbering between 20-60,000. Enveloping the Enemy For five days the armies squared off with little movement. For the Greeks, this inactivity was largely due to a fear of being attacked by the Persian cavalry as they crossed the plain. Finally, the Greek commander, Miltiades, elected to attack after receiving favorable omens. Some sources also indicate that Militiades had learned from Persian deserters that the cavalry was away from the field. Forming his men, Militiades reinforced his wings by weakening his center. This saw the center reduced to ranks four deep while the wings featured men eight deep. This may have been due to the Persians tendency to place inferior troops on their flanks. Moving a brisk pace, possibly a run, the Greeks advanced across the plain towards the Persian camp. Surprised by the Greeks audacity, the Persians rushed to form their lines and inflict damage on the enemy with their archers and slingers. As the armies clashed, the thinner Greek center was quickly pushed back. The historian Herodotus reports that their retreat was disciplined and organized. Pursuing the Greek center, the Persians quickly found themselves flanked on both sides by Militiades strengthened wings which had routed their opposite numbers. Having caught the enemy in a double envelopment, the Greeks began to inflict heavy casualties on the lightly armored Persians. As panic spread in the Persian ranks, their lines began to break and they fled back to their ships. Pursuing the enemy, the Greeks were slowed by their heavy armor, but still managed to capture seven Persian ships. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Marathon are generally listed as 203 Greek dead and 6,400 for the Persians. As with most battles from this period, these numbers are suspect. Defeated, the Persians departed from the area and sailed south to attack Athens directly.   Anticipating this, Militiades quickly returned the bulk of the army to the city. Seeing that the opportunity to strike the previously lightly-defended city had passed, the Persians withdrew back to Asia. The Battle of Marathon was the first major victory for the Greeks over the Persians and gave them confidence that they could be defeated. Ten years later the Persians returned and won a victory at Thermopylae before being defeated by the Greeks at Salamis. The Battle of Marathon also gave rise to the legend that the Athenian herald Pheidippides ran from the battlefield to Athens to announce the Greek victory before dropping dead. This legendary run is the basis for the modern track and field event. Herodotus contradicts this legend and states that Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid before the battle. Selected Sources Battle of MarathonPersian Wars: Battle of Marathon

-19 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

-19 - Coursework Example Juveniles are under the influence of their parents/guardians and the environment around them. They are not mature enough to differentiate between right and wrong and so, become a victim of what they acquire from their surroundings. So, rather than punishing them, it is wiser to provide them an environment where they can be shaped to become better citizens, hence the benevolence and rehabilitation centers. Punishing juveniles would give the juveniles a criminal tag which would be hard to remove. They would consider themselves as criminals and live a life based on it. The courts objective of making the society crime-free is better achieved by making juveniles responsible citizens of the state by providing them an environment where it would get easier for them to refrain from criminal activities. The most disagreeable difference between juvenile and adult court is denying juveniles the right to jury trials. This practice gives the judge the sole power to pass-on a decision. The judge enjoys extraordinary independence in reaching a decision as he/she does not have to take into account the views of the jury, as none exists. The chance of giving a wrong decision increases as human negligence and error are more likely to occur as decisions are made by one single person who is not assisted by the jury. Moreover, having a jury in place would show the juvenile the concern the society has for him. This would help him in realizing his responsibilities towards the society. To improve this difference, a jury trial should be mandatory for juvenile cases, not just their constitutional right. Not only would it benefit the accused, but it would also help the society in understanding the problems facing juveniles. Collectively, the society can come up with provisions to eradicate these problems. The Supreme Court decision in Re Gault drastically changed the juvenile courts. Do you agree with the decision and